Science, 7 FEB 2025, VOLUME 387, ISSUE 6734
《科學(xué)》2025年2月7日，第387卷，6734期
物理學(xué)Physics
Four-dimensional conserved topological charge vectors in plasmonic quasicrystals
等離子準(zhǔn)晶體中的四維守恒拓?fù)潆姾墒噶?/strong>
▲ 作者：SHAI TSESSES, PASCAL DREHER, DAVID JANOSCHKA, ALEXANDER NEUHAUS, KOBI COHEN, TIM C. MEILER, TOMER BUCHER, SHAY SAPIR, BETTINA FRANK, AND GUY BARTAL
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2495
▲摘要：物理系統(tǒng)的對(duì)稱性和拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)與控制拓?fù)湫再|(zhì)的對(duì)稱性密切相關(guān)。準(zhǔn)晶體是有序系統(tǒng)，但沒有平移或旋轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)稱性。理論研究表明，準(zhǔn)晶體可以理解為高維晶體在低維空間上的投影。
研究者開發(fā)了一個(gè)基于等離子體的系統(tǒng)，用于研究該投影對(duì)拓?fù)洳蛔兞康挠绊憽．?dāng)進(jìn)入四維空間并將其投射到二維空間時(shí)，光波在等離子準(zhǔn)晶體上的復(fù)雜動(dòng)力學(xué)表現(xiàn)出四維拓?fù)潆姾墒噶康倪\(yùn)動(dòng)和相關(guān)的拓?fù)潆姾墒睾愣伞＿@種方法有助于在更高維度上研究拓?fù)湎到y(tǒng)。
▲ Abstract：The symmetry and topology of physical systems are closely related to the symmetries governing the topological properties. Quasicrystals are ordered systems but have no translation or rotational symmetries. Theoretical work has shown that quasicrystals can be understood as the projection of a higher-dimensional crystal onto a lower-dimensional space. Tsesses et al. developed a plasmonic-based system in which to study the implications of that projection for topological invariants. When going into four-dimensional space and projecting it down into two dimensions, the complex dynamics of light waves on the plasmonic quasicrystal exhibited motions of four-dimensional topological charge vectors and associated topological charge conservation laws. This approach allows the study of topological systems in higher dimensions.
Squeezed dual-comb spectroscopy
壓縮雙梳光譜學(xué)
▲ 作者：DANIEL I. HERMAN, MATHIEU WALSH, MOLLY KATE KREIDER, NOAH LORDI, EUGENE J. TSAO, ALEXANDER J. LIND, MATTHEW HEYRICH, JOSHUA COMBES, JéR?ME GENEST, AND SCOTT A. DIDDAMS
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads6292
▲摘要：光學(xué)頻率梳和雙梳光譜已經(jīng)被證明可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高分辨率光譜。研究者將雙梳光譜學(xué)應(yīng)用于量子體系，證明了在光學(xué)頻率梳中使用量子力學(xué)壓縮光的計(jì)量?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)。
他們利用壓縮光的雙頻梳狀光譜提高了分子檢測(cè)的靈敏度。對(duì)于硫化氫，量子噪聲的降低導(dǎo)致了氣體濃度測(cè)定的兩倍量子加速。這種方法將激發(fā)利用壓縮狀態(tài)進(jìn)行頻率梳計(jì)量，高分辨率光譜和傳感應(yīng)用的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
▲ Abstract：Optical-frequency combs and dual-comb spectroscopy have already been shown to enable high-resolution spectroscopy. Herman et al. have now taken dual-comb spectroscopy to the quantum regime, demonstrating the metrological advantage of using quantum mechanically squeezed light in optical-frequency combs. Dual-frequency comb spectroscopy using squeezed light enhances the sensitivity of molecular detection, in this case for hydrogen sulfide, with the quantum noise reduction leading to a twofold quantum speedup in the determination of gas concentration. This approach will motivate further development using squeezed states for frequency comb metrology, high-resolution spectroscopy, and sensing applications.
生物學(xué)Biology
Does the mantis shrimp pack a phononic shield？
螳螂蝦有音障嗎？
▲ 作者：N. A. ALDERETE, S. SANDEEP, S. RAETZ, M. ASGARI, M. ABI GHANEM , AND H. D. ESPINOSA
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7100
▲ 摘要：螳螂蝦以其快速有力地攻擊獵物的能力而聞名，無論是直接攻擊還是由于空化氣泡的迅速破裂，都不會(huì)對(duì)自身造成重大傷害。這種能力很大程度上歸因于蝦的dactyl棒狀結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜、多尺度組織以及由此產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械性能。
研究者利用快速光譜技術(shù)揭示了該結(jié)構(gòu)在聲子屏蔽能力方面的作用，表明它可以有效地過濾剪切波，以減輕撞擊過程中的沖擊力。
▲ Abstract：The mantis shrimp is known for its ability to rapidly and forcefully strike its prey, both directly and due to the rapid collapse of cavitation bubbles, without sustaining significant damage. Much of this ability has been attributed to the complex multiscale organization of the structure of the shrimp’s dactyl club and its resultant mechanical properties. Alderete et al. used fast spectroscopy techniques to disclose the effect of the club structure in terms of its phononic shielding abilities, showing that it can effectively filter shear waves to mitigate impact forces during strikes.
Whale song shows language-like statistical structure
鯨魚歌聲顯示出類似語言的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)
▲ 作者：INBAL ARNON, SIMON KIRBY, JENNY A. ALLEN, CLAIRE GARRIGUE, EMMA L. CARROLL, AND ELLEN C. GARLAND
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7100
▲摘要：座頭鯨的歌聲是一種文化傳播行為。人類語言也是文化傳播行為，它有統(tǒng)計(jì)上連貫的部分，其頻率分布遵循冪律。這些特性有助于學(xué)習(xí)，因此可能是因?yàn)樗鼈冇兄谡Z言在多文化世代中忠實(shí)地傳播。
研究者將基于嬰兒語音分割的方法應(yīng)用于長(zhǎng)達(dá)8年的座頭鯨錄音記錄，發(fā)現(xiàn)鯨魚歌曲中具有與人類語言相同的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。在兩個(gè)進(jìn)化距離較遠(yuǎn)的物種中，這種共性指出了學(xué)習(xí)和文化傳播在人類語言特性出現(xiàn)中的作用，這些特性此前被認(rèn)為是人類語言獨(dú)有的。
▲ Abstract：Humpback whale song is a culturally transmitted behavior. Human language, which is also culturally transmitted, has statistically coherent parts whose frequency distribution follows a power law. These properties facilitate learning and may therefore arise because of their contribution to the faithful transmission of language over multiple cultural generations.In this study, we applied methods based on infant speech segmentation to 8 years of humpback recordings, uncovering in whale song the same statistical structure that is a hallmark of human language. This commonality, in two evolutionarily distant species, points to the role of learning and cultural transmission in the emergence of properties thought to be unique to human language.
醫(yī)學(xué)Medical Science
Kidney multiome-based genetic scorecard reveals convergent coding and regulatory variants
研究者建立腎病多組學(xué)資源庫(kù)
▲ 作者：YHONGBO LIU , AMIN ABEDINI, EUNJI HA, ZIYUAN MA, XIN SHENG, BERNHARD DUMOULIN, CHENGXIANG QIU, TAMAS ARANYI, SHEN LI, AND KATALIN SUSZTAK
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp4753
▲摘要：腎病因?yàn)槎喾N原因變得相當(dāng)普遍，會(huì)極大地引發(fā)并發(fā)癥并導(dǎo)致死亡。為了幫助解決這一問題，研究者構(gòu)建了一個(gè)龐大的資源庫(kù)，包括200多萬病患的遺傳數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)百人的腎臟詳細(xì)檢查資料，并對(duì)其中一個(gè)子集以單細(xì)胞精度進(jìn)行了研究。
除了識(shí)別導(dǎo)致各種類型腎臟疾病的大量遺傳變異外，研究者還設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)遺傳記分卡，以幫助識(shí)別其他相關(guān)基因、細(xì)胞類型和潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)。
▲ Abstract：Kidney disease due to a variety of underlying conditions is quite common and contributes greatly to patient complications, healthcare costs, and mortality. To help address this problem in a comprehensive way, Liu et al. compiled a massive resource consisting of genetic data on more than 2 million human patients and detailed examination of the kidneys for hundreds of individuals, with a subset studied at single-cell precision. In addition to identifying a multitude of genetic variants that contribute to various types of kidney disease, the authors have devised a genetic scorecard to assist in the identification of additional relevant genes, cell types, and potential therapeutic targets.
Supersaturation mutagenesis reveals adaptive rewiring of essential genes among malaria parasites
過飽和誘變揭示了瘧疾寄生蟲中必需基因的適應(yīng)性重新布線
▲ 作者：JENNA OBERSTALLER, SHULIN XU, DEBOKI NASKAR, MIN ZHANG, CHENGQI WANG, JUSTIN GIBBONS, CAMILLA VALENTE PIRES, MATTHEW MAYHO, THOMAS D. OTTO, AND JOHN H. ADAMS
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7347
▲摘要：瘧疾的控制受到不斷出現(xiàn)的藥物和殺蟲劑耐藥性的困擾。隨著人們認(rèn)識(shí)到從靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物向人類傳播的人畜共患瘧疾，在引起瘧疾的寄生蟲（瘧原蟲）中尋找新靶點(diǎn)的工作變得更加緊迫。研究者在亞洲獼猴中流行的諾氏瘧原蟲中實(shí)現(xiàn)了接近飽和的轉(zhuǎn)座突變篩選，指出了瘧原蟲中可能提供干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)的必要基因。
這些分析表明，諾氏瘧原蟲具有高水平的代謝可塑性，這可能使其能夠適應(yīng)新的宿主。比較分析表明，雖然許多基因在瘧原蟲物種之間趨同，但差異表明在某些位點(diǎn)存在物種特異性適應(yīng)和耐藥性選擇。
▲ Abstract：Malaria control is haunted by the continual emergence of drug and insecticide resistance. The search to find new targets in the parasite that causes malaria (Plasmodium spp.) has become even more urgent with the recognition of zoonotic malaria transmitting from primates to humans. Oberstaller et al. and Elsworth et al. achieved near saturation transposon mutagenesis screens in Plasmodium knowlesi, endemic in Asian macaque monkeys, which points to essential genes among plasmodia that may provide targets for intervention. These analyses showed that P. knowlesi has a high level of metabolic plasticity that may have enabled it to adapt to new hosts. Comparative analysis showed that although many genes are conserved among Plasmodium species, differences indicate species-specific adaptations and selection for drug resistance at certain loci.
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