編譯 | 李言
Nature, 14 December 2023, Volume 624 Issue 7991
《自然》2023年12月14日，第624卷，7991期
天文學Astronomy
15NH3 in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf
一顆低溫褐矮星大氣中的15NH33
▲ 作者：David Barrado, Paul Mollière et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06813-y
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們報告了JWST中紅外儀器對有效溫度為380 K的冷褐矮星大氣中14NH3和15NH3同位素異構體的中紅外探測結果。
正如預期所想，我們的結果揭示了14N/15N的值與引力坍縮形成類星的過程一致，表明這個比率可以精確測定。因為年輕的恒星和它們的行星通常含有更多的15N同位素，我們預計將在更多低溫、寬距離的系外行星上探測到15NH3。
▲ Abstract：
Here we report on the mid-infrared detection of the 14NH3 and 15NH3 isotopologues in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf with an effective temperature of 380?K in a spectrum taken with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) of JWST. As expected, our results reveal a 14N/15N value consistent with star-like formation by gravitational collapse, demonstrating that this ratio can be accurately constrained. Because young stars and their planets should be more strongly enriched in the 15N isotope, we expect that 15NH3 will be detectable in several cold, wide-separation exoplanets.
物理學Physics
Reconfigurable moiré nanolaser arrays with phase synchronization
具有相位同步的可重構莫爾納米激光器陣列
▲ 作者：Hong-Yi Luan, Yun-Hao Ouyang et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06789-9
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們提出并展示了基于扭曲光子石墨烯晶格中的光學平帶的莫爾納米激光器陣列，可以實現從單個納米腔到可重構納米腔陣列的相干納米化。我們觀察到同步納米激光陣列在一系列不同的圖案上表現出高度的空間和光譜相干性，包括P形、K形和U形，以及漢字“中國”和“中國”。
此外，我們獲得了以空間變化的相對相位發射的納米激光器陣列，使我們能夠操縱發射方向。我們的工作為可重構有源器件的開發奠定了基礎，這些器件在通信、激光雷達（光探測和測距）、光學計算和成像方面具有應用潛力。
▲ Abstract：
Here we propose and demonstrate moiré nanolaser arrays based on optical flatbands in twisted photonic graphene lattices, in which coherent nanolasing is realized from a single nanocavity to reconfigurable arrays of nanocavities. We observe synchronized nanolaser arrays exhibiting high spatial and spectral coherence, across a range of distinct patterns, including P, K and U shapes and the Chinese characters ‘中’ and ‘國’ (‘China’ in Chinese). Moreover, we obtain nanolaser arrays that emit with spatially varying relative phases, allowing us to manipulate emission directions. Our work lays the foundation for the development of reconfigurable active devices that have potential applications in communication, LiDAR (light detection and ranging), optical computing and imaging.
材料科學Materials Science
Multiscale stress deconcentration amplifies fatigue resistance of rubber
多尺度應力分散增強了橡膠的抗疲勞性能
▲ 作者：Jason Steck, Junsoo Kim et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06782-2
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們通過多尺度應力分散放大了顆粒增強橡膠的疲勞閾值。我們合成了一種高度糾纏的長聚合物與剛性顆粒緊密結合的橡膠。在裂紋尖端，應力分散在兩個長度尺度上：首先通過聚合物，然后通過顆粒。這種橡膠的疲勞閾值約為1000?J?m?2。
由這種橡膠制成的支架和夾具承受高載荷能力，在重復操作中還能抵抗裂紋增長。多尺度應力集中擴展了材料性能的空間，為減少聚合物污染和建造高性能軟機械打開了新思路。
▲ Abstract：
Here we amplify the fatigue threshold of particle-reinforced rubbers by multiscale stress deconcentration. We synthesize a rubber in which highly entangled long polymers strongly adhere with rigid particles. At a crack tip, stress deconcentrates across two length scales: first through polymers and then through particles. This rubber achieves a fatigue threshold of approximately 1,000?J?m?2. Mounts and grippers made of this rubber bear high loads and resist crack growth over repeated operation. Multiscale stress deconcentration expands the space of materials properties, opening doors to curtailing polymer pollution and building high-performance soft machines.
氣候科學Climate Science
Spread in climate policy scenarios unravelled
揭示氣候政策情景的擴散
▲ 作者：Mark M. Dekker, Andries F. Hof et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06738-6
▲ 摘要：
對氣候政策情景中的擴散全面歸因有助于決策者、利益相關者和科學家應對該領域的巨大不確定性。在此，我們使用Sobol分解將這種分布歸因于底層驅動因素，從而得出每個驅動因素對場景結果的重要性。
正如預期的那樣，氣候目標解釋了溫室氣體排放、化石燃料總量和地區使用情況、可再生能源總量以及發電中碳捕獲和儲存總量的大部分分布情況。出乎意料的是，模式差異導致了大多數其他情景結果的變化，例如，在個別可再生能源、碳捕獲和儲存技術以及需求地區的能源情況，反映了長期發展和可能的緩和策略范圍的內在不確定性。
只有少數情景結果——如氫氣的使用——是由其他情景假設驅動的，這反映出我們需要更多的情景區分。
▲ Abstract：
A comprehensive attribution of the spread in climate policy scenarios helps policymakers, stakeholders and scientists to cope with large uncertainties in this field. Here we attribute this spread to the underlying drivers using Sobol decomposition, yielding the importance of each driver for scenario outcomes. As expected, the climate target explains most of the spread in greenhouse gas emissions, total and sectoral fossil fuel use, total renewable energy and total carbon capture and storage in electricity generation. Unexpectedly, model differences drive variation of most other scenario outcomes, for example, in individual renewable and carbon capture and storage technologies, and energy in demand sectors, reflecting intrinsic uncertainties about long-term developments and the range of possible mitigation strategies. Only a few scenario outcomes, such as hydrogen use, are driven by other scenario assumptions, reflecting the need for more scenario differentiation.
生物學Biology
The molecular cytoarchitecture of the adult mouse brain
成年小鼠大腦的分子細胞結構
▲ 作者：Jonah Langlieb, Nina S. Sachdev et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06818-7
▲ 摘要：
為了構建每個大腦結構中細胞類型的綜合圖譜，我們將高通量單核RNA測序與Slide-seq——一種最近開發的具有近細胞分辨率的空間轉錄組學方法——在整個小鼠大腦中配對。這些數據集的整合揭示了每個神經解剖結構的細胞類型組成。
我們發現中腦、后腦和下丘腦的細胞類型多樣性非常高，大多數集群需要至少三個離散的基因表達標記的組合才能定義。利用這些數據，我們開發了一個以遺傳方式訪問每種細胞類型的框架，全面描述了神經肽和神經遞質信號，闡明了活動調節基因表達的區域特異性，同時確定了神經和精神表型的遺傳性富集。
這些數據可以在線使用，在神經科學領域具有找到不同的應用潛力，包括構建新遺傳工具和研究大腦疾病中特定細胞類型和電路的優先級。
▲ Abstract：
To construct a comprehensive atlas of cell types in each brain structure, we paired high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing with Slide-seq—a recently developed spatial transcriptomics method with near-cellular resolution—across the entire mouse brain. Integration of these datasets revealed the cell type composition of each neuroanatomical structure. Cell type diversity was found to be remarkably high in the midbrain, hindbrain and hypothalamus, with most clusters requiring a combination of at least three discrete gene expression markers to uniquely define them. Using these data, we developed a framework for genetically accessing each cell type, comprehensively characterized neuropeptide and neurotransmitter signalling, elucidated region-specific specializations in activity-regulated gene expression and ascertained the heritability enrichment of neurological and psychiatric phenotypes. These data, available as an online resource, should find diverse applications across neuroscience, including the construction of new genetic tools and the prioritization of specific cell types and circuits in the study of brain diseases.
A novel antidiuretic hormone governs tumour-induced renal dysfunction
一種可以控制腫瘤引起腎功能障礙的新抗利尿激素
▲ 作者：Wenhao Xu, Gerui Li et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06833-8
▲ 摘要：
在此，通過使用果蠅的保守腫瘤模型，我們將離子運輸肽亞型F（ITPF）鑒定為一種果蠅抗利尿激素，由yki3SA腸道腫瘤細胞亞群分泌，損害腎功能并導致嚴重的腹部腹脹和液體積聚。
從機理上，腫瘤來源的ITPF靶向馬氏管（相當于腎小管的排泄器官）星狀細胞中的G蛋白偶聯受體TkR99D，激活一氧化氮合酶—GMP信號，抑制液體排泄。我們進一步揭示了哺乳動物神經激肽3受體（NK3R）的抗利尿功能，該受體是蒼蠅TkR99D的同源物，通過藥物阻斷NK3R可有效緩解不同惡性腫瘤小鼠的腎小管功能障礙。
綜上，我們的研究結果證明了一種新的抗利尿途徑介導跨物種的腫瘤—腎臟交流，為癌癥相關腎功能障礙的治療提供了治療可能。
▲ Abstract：
Here, using conserved tumour models in Drosophila melanogaster, we characterized isoform F of ion transport peptide (ITPF) as a fly antidiuretic hormone that is secreted by a subset of yki3SA gut tumour cells, impairs renal function and causes severe abdomen bloating and fluid accumulation. Mechanistically, tumour-derived ITPF targets the G-protein-coupled receptor TkR99D in stellate cells of Malpighian tubules—an excretory organ that is equivalent to renal tubules—to activate nitric oxide synthase–cGMP signalling and inhibit fluid excretion. We further uncovered antidiuretic functions of mammalian neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R), the homologue of fly TkR99D, as pharmaceutical blockade of NK3R efficiently alleviates renal tubular dysfunction in mice bearing different malignant tumours. Together, our results demonstrate a novel antidiuretic pathway mediating tumour–renal crosstalk across species and offer therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of cancer-associated renal dysfunction.
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